Yellow colour precipitate Essay Example

Yellow shading encourage Essay This is utilized in our test. 2,4-DNP responds with the carbonyl gathering for a buildup response with the end of a water particle. Accept propanone for instance, The item framed is a yellow shading encourage, so we can without much of a stretch recognize the nearness of C=O gathering. This can likewise assist us with identifying the carbonyl compound as the hasten gathered has a sharp dissolving point. By utilizing the dissolving point test, we can discover the softening purpose of the precious stones framed and contrast the outcome and an information book to discover the carbonyl compound. 2. Tollens reagent (Aldehyde just) The recipe of this reagent is Ag(NH3)2+.As this reagent isn't truly steady, it must be arranged newly in research facility. To set up the reagent, fluid alkali can be included a constant design straightforwardly to silver nitrate arrangement. From the outset, silver oxide will be shaped and encourage out, yet as more alkali arrangement is included the hasten disintegrates and the arrangement turns out to be clear as diamminesilver(I) is framed. Now the expansion of the smelling salts ought to be halted. This reagent is utilized in the silver mirror test. In this test, when there is the nearness of aldehyde gathering, there would be development of silver mirror.The condition of this response is as underneath [Ag(NH3)2]+ (aq) + e-I? Ag (s) + 2 NH3 (aq) RCHO (aq) + 3 OH-I? RCOO-+ 2 H2O + 2 e-The aldehyde goes about as a diminishing operator where [Ag(NH3)2]+ was decreased to Ag(S) , the arrangement of silver mirror. We will compose a custom article test on Yellow shading hasten explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Yellow shading accelerate explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Yellow shading encourage explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer This response is helpful to quench aldehyde from ketone as ketone doesn't show this response. Silver mirror shaped in a jar 3. Fehling reagent Aldehydes are additionally oxidized by the Fehlings arrangement. This reagent is likewise arranged newly in the research center. It is made at first as two separate arrangements, known as Fehlings An and Fehlings B.Fehlings A will be a blue fluid arrangement of copper(II) sulfate, while Fehlings B is an away from of watery potassium sodium tartrate and a solid salt (ordinarily sodium hydroxide). Equivalent volumes of the two blends are combined to get the last Fehlings arrangement, which is a dark blue shading. The Copper (II) particle is decreased to copper (I) oxide which is a red ppt, and sometimes, to copper metal (copper reflect). This is additionally valuable to recognize aldehyde from ketone and fragrant aldehyde as both ketone and sweet-smelling aldehyde doesn't show any response. Utilizing IR spectrumUsing the IR range, if the compound contains a carbonyl (C=O) gathering, there will be a stretch in the wave number 1670-1820 with high force. The following is the IR range of propanone Other planning strategies for ketones and aldehydes Kornblum-DeLaMare adjustment The Kornblum-DeLaMare improvement is a revision response in natural science in which an essential or optional natural peroxide is changed over to the relating ketone and liquor under base catalysis. Geminal halide hydrolysis The reactants are a geminal dihalide and water or a hydroxide. The response item is a ketone or an aldehyde.The initial segment of the response instrument comprises of a conventional nucleophilic aliphatic replacement to deliver a diamond halohydrin. Ruzicka Large Ring Synthesis Formation of huge ring alicyclic ketones from dicarboxylic acids by warm deterioration of salts with metals of the second and fourth gatherings of the intermittent table (Ca, Th, Ce) Nef response Carbonyl mixes can likewise be shaped utilizing the Nef response. The Nef response is a natural response portraying the corrosive hydrolysis of a salt of an essential or optional nitroalkane (1) to an aldehyde or a ketone (3) and nitrous oxide (4).Precaution of this test 1. Concentrated sulphuric corrosive is profoundly destructive and oxidizing, so it must be maneuvered carefully. 2. Fermented potassium dichromate is likewise very oxidizing, so it ought to likewise be dealt with cautiously. 3. In the event that any concentrated sulphuric corrosive or fermented potassium dichromate are in contact with our skin, we should wash it with running faucet water right away. 4. During the oxidation of propan-2-ol, security goggles ought to be worn as this response is profoundly exothermic.Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromic_acid.

How to Write College Problem Solution Essay Topics

How to Write College Problem Solution Essay TopicsCollege Problem Solving essay topics are very popular because most students like solving problems and this is the perfect opportunity to tell about how you have grown from your experiences and what you think the future holds for you. It is always good to write about yourself because it shows that you have good judgment and could manage a regular day-to-day activities. Writing about yourself also gives others an insight into who you are as a person and the qualities you possess.There are different essay topics that are suited for different purposes. You can use some essay topics for college and some for high school. Each one has its own peculiarities, but they are all useful when they are used in the right context.College essay topics include things such as family, school, work, career, community, and travel. These essay topics are not restricted to these areas as they can be used to describe the feeling of the student. The essay topic can be used to tell about the things you enjoy doing most or the things you dislike most.The best essay topics will not be found on the local college or the popular bookstores. It should be researched well and sent to the most suitable person for you. Always consider the type of school you are going to study at and the kind of people you are dealing with.College essay topics must always be chosen carefully. You need to ensure that your topic fits into the curriculum and there are no restrictions in the subject you want to write about. If there are any restrictions then you will not get the essay topic. Try to keep away from things that are already in use by others.There is no point in getting stressed because you are writing something that is already in use. Students want to feel like their opinions count. Writing an essay should be fun and when they find out that your essay topic is the same as that of the other students, they will think that they are not very clever or interestin g.To write an essay that the teachers would like, make sure you start early enough and that you know exactly what you are trying to achieve. Don't waste time on things that are not important and the same will apply to the essay topics you choose. It is best if you do research on the topic so that you know what is the best way to approach it.When you have the required knowledge about the topic, then you can concentrate on writing the problem solving part. Find things to use for your essay and think out loud. Make sure that you get the right structure and layout. Always make sure that you are doing this as a project and not just for the sake of writing an essay.

The Effects Of Smoking Cigarettes On Society - 925 Words

The Effects of Smoking Cigarettes Society has been faced with many social struggles since the beginning of time. Smoking cigarettes is just one of those many social challenges. Individuals who smoke cigarettes increase the risk of developing health issues. Advertising has decreased over the years but the investment is with those that started when advertising was a big deal. Finally, the chemicals put into cigarettes are designed to increase a person’s cravings for cigarettes making it harder to stop smoking. With all the billions of dollars spent on advertising and creating a friendly product, long term use causes negative effects on a person such as cancer. Today people smoke for many reasons. Peer pressure and or social norms are contributing factors to smoking. Smoking may improve self-confidence and a sense of belonging. Each smoker has their own reason for starting the habit. One influential factor used by the tobacco industries were advertisements on TV commercials and billboards everywhere. These advertisements suggested smoking certain brands or creating a wannabe effect which drew the consumer to the products. Newport, Marlboro and Camel were brands that were everywhere in the fifties. The writers McCay et al., suggests that Jo the Camel was used as a cartoon character to target young people which attracted the generation early to begin their investment in smoking (1). Another character, created by tobacco companies was the Marlboro Man and he was portrayed asShow MoreRelatedHarmful Effects of Smoking1418 Words   |  6 PagesHarmful effects of smoking Doan Thi Huong Thao BAIU08155 International University HCMC Academic English 2 Bien Thi Thanh Mai Instructor May 17, 2010 Abstract Smoking is known to be a primary cause of harmful effects on health, family, environment and society. However, scientist research in health and environment, that researches show that smoking cause many diseases, even lung cancer. An aim of my study has been to determine that smoking also effect on family and society. Results indicatedRead MoreThe Harmful Effects Of Smoking And Smoking1380 Words   |  6 Pagestime they light a smoke. Some of the harmful effects of smoking include various potentially lethal diseases to the smoker and others exposed to secondhand smoke, the sinful addiction caused by a key ingredient in cigarettes, and social issues smoking causes for smokers and their loved ones. Smoking should be prohibited completely because of the harmful physical and social effects it has on smokers and the non-smokers they associate with. First of all, smoking creates a number of health problems for smokersRead MoreWhy Smoking Should Be Banned884 Words   |  4 Pagespeople smoke? Is smoking really healthy for them? How much does it cost an individual to smoke? What are the costs to society when people smoke? These are all questions that can easily be taken care of by banning cigarette smoking. It is really a disgusting sight to see a woman with a cigarette hanging out of her mouth. It is equally bad to see children with smoking cigarettes. B. Cigarette smoking should be banned, not only in restaurants but everywhere. When someone smokes cigarettes it affects theRead MoreShould Cigarette Smoking Be Banned?925 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor Fuentes English 1003 April 22, 2015 Ban smoking in the United States Tobacco use is the single largest preventable cause of diseases and premature death in the United States (U.S.), yet more than 45 million Americans still smoke cigarettes. The health threat posed by tobacco has been accepted by scientists since the 17th century. In 1928, studies linked smoking to cancer. In 1964, the first Surgeon General’s report on cigarette smoking summarized the evidence that tobacco poses seriousRead MoreSmoking Life Away: The Harmful Effects of Smoking Cigarettes1403 Words   |  6 PagesSmoking Life Away Smoke travels far. After the smoke is released, it diffuses and travels in the atmosphere reaching just about anything at a reasonable distance. When one smoker puffs out, it affects that person, somebody across from that person, and the clean air around that person. Ever wonder why warnings and disclaimers are always present with anything that concerns smoking? This is because it is dangerous, and it is harmful , and it should warn you about the lasting impact it leaves youRead MoreThe Dangers Of Tobacco And Smoking1584 Words   |  7 Pagessurrounded by smoking day to day everywhere we go even if we don’t smoke it affects us. It has been in our society for generations. Families have grown up with family members that smoke or even smoking themselves. Smoking is a large part of our society spending billions while boosting the economy with sales and ads; in the midst of so much negativity surrounding smoking which is it good or bad? We hear the negatives all the time but up sides to smoking are never discussed. Tobacco and smoking were notRead MoreHarmful Effects of Smoking806 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking has become very common and fashionable, especially among young boys. This habit usually begins at school when boys try to experiment with every new thing that they can lay their hands on. Despite the warnings given by doctors about the ill-effects of smoking, people continue to smoke. Smokers are addicted to it, and even if they want to, they cannot refrain from picking up a cigar or cigarette and puffing away. Some youngsters smoke for the sake of society and some feel that would make themRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Smoking1492 Words   |  6 PagesSmoking not only hurts its users, but it hurts whole communities and the economy. Researchers believe that smoking began around 1 BCE, with recreational use becoming a common thing as soon as European settlers reached the Americas in the 15th century (Borio). Throughout the past centuries, tobacco has been used in many different ways. As more methods of utilizing tobacco have become possibilities, their negative effects on their users and other people have increased. In order to make the tobaccoRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Smoking1195 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Cigarettes destroy life. Toxic to th e body. We are young generation. Confident for non-smokers.† This is motto of the Army Reserve Command to cultivate reserve officer training corps student and other youth to realize the harm of smoking. What is cigarette? cigarette under the Tobacco Act BE 2509 means that the tobacco or flavored tobacco, whether the drug or drugs to dry the compressed mixed or not. Which the cigarettes made with paper or object made instead of paper or dryRead MoreEffects Of Smoking Essay946 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Smoking has become a usual thing in our culture of recent. A person with a cigarette, E-Cigarette, Hookahs and Weed Cigarettes has become the norm in our society: we can see them on the streets, actors smoke in movies, there are also book characters who smoke, we have relatives, friends or someone we look up to who smoke. Starting as mainly as a part of a religious ritual a long time ago, smoking has become a routine thing for us in recent times, not giving thoughts to the many effects of smoking

Augustine and The Problem of Evil Essay - 886 Words

In the beginning, God created the world. He created the earth, air, stars, trees and mortal animals, heaven above, the angels, every spiritual being. God looked at these things and said that they were good. However, if all that God created was good, from where does un-good come? How did evil creep into the universal picture? In Book VII of his Confessions, St. Augustine reflects on the existence of evil and the theological problem it poses. For evil to exist, the Creator God must have granted it existence. This fundamentally contradicts the Christian confession that God is Good. Logically, this leads one to conclude evil does not exist in a created sense. Augustine arrives at the conclusion that evil itself is not a formal thing, but the†¦show more content†¦This means that both the fish owner also owns a cat, and that God at some point had to create this evil force. Given this light, Augustine’s argument does not stand. However, he includes with his solution the idea that this corruption is not just a material or spiritual transformation, from one kind of existence to another but an erasure, toward nonexistence. (7.12.8) Thus, Augustine merely reframes the problem of good vs. evil as creation vs. uncreation. This realization undermines the necessity of an evil force, source, power or form that is, (i.e. existing as a result of divine creation) because these terms refer to everything that is not. To Augustine, an evil act is one that moves any member of creation towards exclusion from God’s universe. If a being with free will elects to move away from God for a temporal end, they are moving towards corruption or death and unleashing this force on the world around them. Once a body becomes in entirely corrupted it has no existence whatsoever, it is irrelevant to this reality and we can only imagine it based on the imprint left before it was no more. This is the ultimate death; complete exclusion from God’s universe and Augustine contrasts it with the ultimate Good, which is complete inclusion with God’s universe. Once something is outside of God’s universe, it is impossible for it have any effect. (7.13.1)Show MoreRelatedSt. Augustine s The Problem Of Evil1143 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion: Explain how St. Augustine ultimately solves the â€Å"problem of evil† in a way that is compatible with his Christian faith. Be sure to refer in your answer to the two aspects of his solution that we discussed in class- the one centring on the nature of evil itself, the other on why we sin. Do you agree that the problem has been solved adequately? Defend your answer. Introduction: â€Å" Inside each of us there is the seed of both good and evil. It is a consistent struggle as to which one willRead MoreThe Problem of Evil accoding to Saint Augustine Essay628 Words   |  3 PagesThe Problem of Evil Saint Augustine was one of the first to really address the problem of evil in the Christian sense. After disbanding from the Manicheans due to his dissatisfaction with the way they viewed the problem, he reasoned a sound solution to the problem of evil that could put Christians minds at ease. Saint Augustine lived from 354-430. During the era in which he lived, his world was a crockpot of instability and suffering. The Roman Empire, a symbol of strength, was falling. He lostRead MoreThe Problem of Evil: Augustine and Irenaeus Essay757 Words   |  4 Pagesa) Explain how the theodicy of Irenaeus differs from that of Augustine. One of the main arguments used by non-believers against the existence of God is the presence of evil and suffering in the world. The term ‘evil’ is often used to describe something that is morally wrong. Philosophers make a distinction between moral evil and natural evil. Moral evil results from human actions that are morally reproachable, and Natural evil results from the malfunctioning of the natural world, which producesRead MoreDiscuss Augustine s Questions On The Problem Of Evil857 Words   |  4 PagesFreedom and Evil This paper I’m going to discuss Augustine’s answers to the problem of evil. Why didn’t God only create free beings who use their freedom for good? What is the source of the free movement of will? Lastly why do some free begins sin and others do well if they are in the situation? First question I will talk about is why didn’t God only create free beings who use their freedom for good? We all see good and evil around us every day. The sources of good and evil are independent and eternalRead More St. Augustine and the Problem of Evil from a Christian Basis2419 Words   |  10 PagesSt. Augustine and the Problem of Evil from a Christian Basis In his Confessions, St. Augustine writes about a large number of topics that continue to have relevance today. The text documents the development of Augustine’s faith and his Christian philosophy, and one thing of particular interest is his argument for the nature of evil. Christianity predicates several important ideas that Augustine builds upon in his philosophy, and within its context, he presents a thorough, compellingRead MoreSt. Augustines important philosophical contributions to defend the philosophy of Christianity.1709 Words   |  7 PagesSt. Augustine made some very important philosophical contributions to defend the philosophy of Christianity. One of these contributions concerned the philosophical problem of evil. Up until St. Augustines time, philosophers questioned the idea proposed by Christians that evil generated in a world created by a perfectly good God. The problem is easy enough to understand, yet slightly more complicated to solve. St. Augu stine raised some fairly good propositions to offer an explanation for this questionRead MoreAugustine s Confessions By John Augustine Essay1721 Words   |  7 PagesConfession is the problem which many Americans face today. That is evil. Evil is everywhere in the world. Augustine lost his mistress, mother and even his own son in the book. He had to also figure out why god is punishing people with these action. So found out the answer to the evil, Augustine ask why is God good and still allows suffering to exist. Augustine found out that evil because of the free will that people have. God lets human pick what to do with their lives and the evil comes from the choicesRead MoreMoral Evil vs. Natural Evil Essay1118 Words   |  5 PagesEvil can be categorized into two forms, moral evil and natural evil. Moral evil is brought about by bad choices that stem from our free will. Natural evil is bad things that happen to people, whether they deserve them or not. The problem with evil i s, â€Å"Either we must say that God is not wholly good, and that he permits or is even the author of evil. Or we must say that God is not omnipotent, and although he is wholly good and would prevent evil if he could, he is powerless to stop it.† (FitzgeraldRead MoreEssay on The Problem of Evil1269 Words   |  6 PagesPhil 300 The Problem of Evil One of the most interesting questions in the world is, â€Å"If a God exists, why is there evil in the world?† Most people respond with, â€Å"If God created the universe and us, then there should not be evil in the world,† when asked about God or any other powerful being. The problem of evil is also believed to be the cause of Atheism, and I do believe that there is a solution for this. The problem of evil is not a correct argument. The arguments from evil state that ifRead MoreThe Two Kinds of Evil According to Augustine Essay1277 Words   |  6 Pages which makes us wonder what kind of morally sufficient reason justifies God to allow evil. We know that evil exists in our world, but so does God, so would God be the source of evil as well as good? We have established that God is the omnipotent and benevolent free creator of the world, but suffering and evil exist. Is God unable to prevent evil? If so, he would not be omnipotent. Is He able to prevent the evil in our world but unwilling? If this were then case then he wouldn’t be benevolent. A Persian

The Influence of Ancient Chinese Philosophies such as...

Through the whole of history’s existence, religions, philosophies and personal belief systems have been around to shape and mold life into what it is today. Religions all around the world have their own belief systems, sometimes even more than one. And though one religion or philosophy may develop in a specific corner of the world, there is always at least two paths they could travel. A system can either remain personally sacred to the founders, themselves, or it may become a popular belief to other areas in the world, be they the next town over, or the next country. Likewise is the fact that though some areas may hold true to one specific religion, other areas may produce several belief systems that may fancy several different groups of†¦show more content†¦Though Confucianism started out in the Chinese Dynasties, it would later come to be spread through Korea, Japan, and Vietnam as well. And though it spread, the idea remained a solid belief system to the Chinese pe ople, practiced for many years to come. The leadership was passed on from Confucius, to scholars down the line, preserved in both the minds and hearts of its followers, but also texts such as the Analects, Mencius, and The Doctrine of the Mean. These books held within them the beliefs, moral standards, and teachings of Confucianism itself. Rather different from the other religions and philosophies of its time, Confucianism’s belief system was based around the idea of social order in everyday life. What Confucius believed to be true was the simple fact that ‘by nature, everyone is good’. And so, the idea went that everyone could maintain their goodness by learning to live with proper decorum. In order to live as such, however, Confucius decreed Five Proper Relationships to share with one’s fellow comrades. In no particular order, the Fine Relationships where as such: father to son, older brother to younger brother, husband to wide, ruler to subject, and fri end level with friend. Of course, reversed genders, like mother to daughter and older sister to younger sister, were also applied. The way each relationship had been set up, is for the first person in the pair to set good examples for the second, accept, of course, in the friend level withShow MoreRelatedLegalism, Taoism, and Confucianism in Ancient China1049 Words   |  4 PagesLegalism, Taoism, and Confucianism in Ancient China Philosophies dictate the most basic beliefs, concepts, and attitudes of individuals or groups, even entire civilizations. Since the beginning of time there has been great debate among men over which philosophies to live life by. The list of philosophies that exist in the world today is nearly endless, making it difficult to decide which one is the most suitable to live by. Ancient China was arguably among one of the most philosophical culturesRead MoreChinese Philosophy Essay1408 Words   |  6 PagesThree areas of philosophy emerged amidst the chaos and constant warring of the Zhou era. The three were called Confucianism, Daoism, and legalism. They were Chinese philosophies that were thought to be the best ways to rule and achieve order in the society. Confucianism believed that a ruler s job was to set a good example, and not order. Since people were thought of as naturally good, they would following the right path based on their own conscience. Legalism was a more harsh way of r uling, ledRead MoreConfucianism, Daoism, and Legalism976 Words   |  4 PagesIn ancient China, many different rulers tried to unify and rule the country using a variety of methods – Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism to name a few. Each philosophy had its own set of rules of how people should act both in public and privately. The overall goal of each philosophy was to set a standard of acceptable living that would ensure harmony and success for the society. However, each was different and thus had different results. The best way for the people of China to succeed in a harmoniousRead MoreA Brief Note On The Japanese Religion Of Shintoism1446 Words   |  6 Pagessuch as cleansing themselves with water before entering the gates of a Shinto shrine, are still practiced. 4. A shaman is a man or woman that exhibits a special talent in talking and communicating with the spirit world. They were necessary to influence or pacify the spirits. Because Shamans influenced both religious and political views and ideas, they were such significant figures in that they fused these two giant aspects in society. They were powerful individuals in their societies. 5. - PeopleRead MoreConfucianism, Daoism, and Legalism Essay1175 Words   |  5 Pagesand constant warring of the Zhou era, arose many intellectual thinkers that brought such a profound impact in the fields of politics, religion, and philosophy. Even to this day, their influence can be seen on the many matters of China. Confucianism became the paramount school of thinking and later significant philosophies such as Daoism and Legalism gained immense recognition as well. Each party had their own proposals for creating an idealistic political society where the many problems they facedRead MoreAncient China s Development And Growth Of A Successful Ancient Chinese Society1349 Words   |  6 Pagescivilization is the society, culture, and way of life of a group of people. It is a nation in which people advance to reach a level of social development and organization. During the Han (206 BC-220 AD) and Qin (221 BC-207 BC) dynasties, Ancient China became unified. The Chinese developed a strong government and powerful empire with the help of its geography, social hierarchy, and belief system. The geography provided protection and goods necessary for survival and trade. The social hierarchy affected theRead MoreThe Han Dynasty1195 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough the teachings of Daoism, Legalism and Confucianism. At the time that Liu Bang first founded the Han dynasty the basic structures of the Qin state were retained, and the ideology of the Qin state initially drifted deeper and deeper into a Legalist and Daoist union. Many elements of these ancient philosophies can be distinguished in the religious and superstitious beliefs and practices that were performed in Han China. The implementation of these three philosophies during a time of politicalRead MoreEssay on Ancient Chinese Civilization1149 Words   |  5 PagesChina has had many changes throughout its history. China unlike many other countries had the opportunity to grow with minimal outside interference. Du e to this they created unique Chinese philosophy, writing, and government. There are two other countries that China greatly influenced. These countries are Vietnam, Korea, and Japan. China was one of the few countries in the world that grew with minimal interference from its outside neighbors. The reason for this is due to China’s geography. One ofRead MoreThe Two Chinese Philosophies Of Confucianism1816 Words   |  8 PagesThe two Chinese philosophies of Legalism and Confucianism could not be more opposite. Even though two of the writers of Legalism were students of Xinzu, a philosopher of Confucianism, there are more of differences than similarities between the two. Because of this, legalism, which preceded the concept of Confucianism, had a lot of reasons why Confucianism was considered wrong. While towards the fall of the Qin Dynasty, Confucian beliefs started to revamp and become more widely accepted and thus theyRead MoreConfucianism, Daoism, And Legalism1688 Words   |  7 Pages Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism, are three Chinese ideologies in Classic China that held influence on how society should be, how to achieve order and what made government strong. Anyone that was a practitioner of these three philosophies would have had no idea how the Roman Republic or Empire worked in those regards. It would not be surprising if a Confucian, a Daoist and a Legalist had praise and dislike for how Rome was ran. A Confucian who might look upon the Roman society and government

Prevention of HIV Transmittance to Babies Essay Example For Students

Prevention of HIV Transmittance to Babies Essay Prevention of HIV Transmittance to Babies Essay Last year, it was cause for celebration. The cause of celebration was for the results that several clinical trials of zidovudine cut the risk for mother to child transmission of human immune deficiency virus (HIV) by two thirds. Although, this year, it is the basis for new federal recommendations that all pregnant women should receive HIV testing and counseling. But, these findings have been cause of protests by several activist groups. Activists fear that conservative legislators and policy makers will use the clinical data to justify mandatory testing and treatment for pregnant women. During the latter part of February, the United States Public Health Services published guidelines for HIV pregnant women in the Federal Register. Which coincidentally was published on the same day as the National Conference in Washington, DC for HIV infection in women: Setting a New Agenda. The conference included activists, physicians and HIV positive women who used the meeting as a forum to voice their concerns about how best to balance womens own medical needs with those of their infants. Other concerns of activists that were voiced were that they dont want laws, policies or medical care imposed on women merely as vectors who may transmit HIV to their infants. The new guidelines recommend that all pregnant women should receive HIV counseling and testing. These guidelines are aimed at helping pregnant women know their HIV status early so that medical care, including zidovudine (Retrovir, known as AZT, Burroughs Welcome Co. , Research Triangle Park, NC), can be made available. The new guidelines also reiterate previous federal health advisories that say counseling should precede HIV testing. Physicians and other health professionals who counsel women should be well informed about the complex issues that face HIV infected pregnant women, according to the guidelines. This information should include about all of their reproductive options. Women should also be advised that in order to help reduce prenatal HIV transmissions HIV infected women in the United States should not breast feed their infants. The guidelines further states that all HIV testing should be voluntary for women and their infants. Also, all decisions about AZT use should be made by the HIV infected pregnant woman in a non coercive atmosphere and based on a balance of the benefits an potential risks of the regimen to herself and her child. The guidelines also state that women who are infected or refuse testing must not be denied medical care, reported to child protective agencies, or discriminated against in any way. The center for Disease control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. reports that as of December 31, 1994, there were 58,448 women with AIDS in the United States. Nearly one fourth of the total were reported in 1994 alone. AIDS is now the fourth leading cause of death in US women ages 25 to 44 and in 15 major United States cities. In 1993, the CDC estimated that 7,000 HIV infected women gave birth in this country, in other words, about one in every 625 women who gave birth that year was HIV positive. The rate of mother to child transmission rate ranged from 15% to 30%, which is estimated that there were as many as 2,000 HIV infected infants born in the United States in 1993. Much of the controversy centers on AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) protocol 076. In the 2 year study, 239 of the 477 HIV infected women enrolled received AZT during pregnancy and delivery. Their infants received the drug for six weeks. At 18 months, 8. A good man is hard to find ana Essay3% of the infants in the treatment group vs. 25.5 % of the controls were infected. Evidence based on every analysis that has been done of the outcomes to date shows that this is a prevention breakthrough, said Wanda Jones, DrPH, acting associate director of CDCs office of Womens Health. Activists believe that the data is incomplete and should not be used as the basis for federal guidelines. They wanted to know the effects AZT might have on the estimated 75% of infants who are born to HIV positive mothers but dont seroconvert, and whether a pregnant woman who takes AZT early in the course of infection will still benefit from the drug later, when she is sicker. They also wanted to know what the long term effects may be if women take AZT during multiple pregnancies, and whether ACTG 076 showed a correlation between high maternal viral load and the likelihood of transmission. A few small studies, including one from New York State Health Department, are beginning .

Private Equity in Southeast Asia Region Essay Example

Private Equity in Southeast Asia Region Essay As many investors and finance people know, the United States has been the biggest laying field for PEE firms since 1980 as it is a developed market with mature structure and clear regulations. However, due to competition and limited resources in the United States, investors and PEE firms have a growing need for a new market to grow and expand their business. One of these new, emerging markets for PEE is the Southeast Asia region. This Southeast Asia region is characteristic of developing countries that are rich with natural resources. Most of the countries in this region of Southeast Asia have a lot in common including; they are developing countries, they re rich with natural resources and they all have a big market in terms of population. One of the exceptions in this region is Singapore as it is considered a developed country, especially in the finance sector. Southeast Asia is very lucrative in the sense that it offers a lot of opportunities for investors, including PEE investors and firms, however, in order to realize the revenues and returns of these opportunities these firms would need more knowledge on how to deal with the challenges in this new emerging market. Private Equity in Southeast Asia The emergence of Private Equity (PEE) markets outside the United States and Europe as significantly broadened the scope of portfolio diversification. We will write a custom essay sample on Private Equity in Southeast Asia Region specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Private Equity in Southeast Asia Region specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Private Equity in Southeast Asia Region specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Also, due to the growing importance of PEE in nontraditional markets, the need for investors to broaden their knowledge has increased significantly as knowledge is the key in regards to international investing as a whole. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to provide relevant information about PEE market in the Southeast Asia as well as provide recommendations on how to deal with the challenges. Market Typology With the exception of Singapore, most companies in the Southeast Asia region are developing countries and are therefore referred to as an emerging market. Table 1 describes the market typology of PEE market based on four market types. Table 1 Market Typology Mature Markets Non-traditional markets in advance economies Emerging markets Frontier markets Economic structure Sophisticated Sophisticated Relatively developed Early stage of economic/financial development Economic stability High High Track record is being establish Track record still short Size of the economy and growth Large/high level of prosperity Varies Varies with high growth prospect Small size, lower level growth Debt markets Highly liquid Liquid Emerging Still embryonic Exit markets Developed public equity markets with high market capitalization Developed public equity markets with significant market capitalization Relatively developed public equity markets with sufficient market capitalization Underdeveloped Global PEE firms Investing Investing Investing Very limited, if any investment Domestic PEE industry Developed Emerging Emerging Rudimentary PEE exits Considerable history Track record being established Visible exits already occurred Very limited Key markets United States, ELI-1 5, Switzerland Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore Brazil, China, India, Russia, South Korea, Slovenia, South Africa, Southeast Asia countries: Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines Bulgaria, Colombia, Pakistan, Astrakhan, Tunisia, Ukraine Source: Cornelius (2011). The term emerging markets has been widely adopted by international investors to refer to all developing countries. Specifically, Emerging PEE markets refers to those where an indigenous PEE industry is already developing and visible exits have begun to attract a growing amount of interest among international investors. Southeast Asian Private Equity market In general, PEE investment is growing in Asia entirely. According to Perrine, PEE funds share of investments in Asia has grown from a mere 2. 6% in 2006 to 10. 6% in 2012, due to PEE funds investing a total of SIS$27. 8 billion in Asia (Figure 1). Although some of this increase in share can be attributed to the decline in PEE investment in North America and Europe as a result of the financial crisis, the PEE investment in Asia continued to grow at an average annual rate of 8% from 2006 through 2012. In fact, trends show that Asia was the only region in which PEE investment grew over this timeshare. Figure 1 Global PEE Investments by Region (Left) and Trend in Asia for P Deals Source: Pretentiousness Asia has continued to become increasingly attractive as a P destination over the years. According to an investor survey conducted by Ernst Young that involved both general and limited partners, 36% of the respondents believe that PEE investment in Southeast Asia will in fact increase. The survey results from 2012 to 2014 (figure 2) shows an increase in PEE investors confidence level AIBO Southeast Asia Market in comparison to China. Figure 2 PEE Investors Survey: Which geography will see the most PEE activity in the next 12 months? Source: Ernst Young Based on Perrine data, the Southeast Asian PEE Investment reached the highest peak I terms of both investment value and number of deals in 2007, right before the financial crisis. There was a slowdown during the crisis but the markets start to bounce back in 2012. Figure 3 below shows the PEE Investments in major Southeast Asian countries. In Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand, the PEE Investments started to increase in 2012 after the financial crisis. While the PEE Investments in Singapore, Vietnam, and Philippines in 2012 started to recover after the crisis. Figure 3 PEE Investments in Southeast Asia Countries Source: Predisposed on Boston Consulting Groups (BCC) report, from 2005 through 2010, Southeast Asia accounted for about 18 percent, by value, of PEE deals in Asia. In 2010, the value of the regions deals was about one-fourth of Chinas and 30% of Indians. Deal sizes and volumes vary significantly by country: Singapore has historically led in the number and size of deals, while Thailand and Vietnam have small and relatively underdeveloped PEE markets and have therefore lagged. Indonesia is extremely active indeed, the largest PIP in the history of the Indonesian stock market was a private-to-public deal. On the other hand, trend shows that Malaysia has delivered mix results. Overall, with a host of new players entering the region, Southeast Saiss share of Saiss deal pool looks set to continue to increase. The growing interest from investors and the recovery of PEE markets in Southeast Asia from the crisis is as a result of several growth-driving factors including: Macroeconomics growth According to Pain Company data, the total GAP in Southeast Asia in 2011 was SIS$2 trillion, accounting for 4. 2 percent of the world total GAP and is expected to row at 4. To 7. 9 percent compound annual growth rate from 2011 to 2016. Natural resources The Southeast Asia region has lots of natural resources such as oil and gas, mineral, marine resources, fertile-land for plantations, palm oil, agro commodities, and many more. These natural resources can stimulate growth opportunities for companies who operate in the region that will lead to signifi cant returns in their investments. Demographic Southeast Asia was home to a mostly young and dynamic population of nearly 600 million in 2011 and this population is projected to grow at 10. Percent compound annual growth rate from 2011 through 2016. With this type of demographic, Southeast Asia offers a big market for consumption especially in its lower to middle class population. In addition to creating a large consumer market, Southeast Asia demographic also provides human resources for companies to support their business in this region with relatively lower costs compared to other regions or countries. Economic Liberalizing Economic reform has spread across the region with democracy in politics and law enforcement significantly improving. Restrictions on foreign investments and winnowers have been relaxed, and some governments are actively developing the PEE sector. At the same time, the connection between countries in Southeast Asia is strengthening to create rationalization and intraregional trades. Capital market Another driving factor is that the capital markets in Southeast Asia are generally underdeveloped and predominantly revolve around indirect finances. In other words, access to traditional capital markets is generally difficult however not for large companies and therefore PEE funds will emerge as a source of growth capital for rowing companies in need of financing. China and India Slowing Economic Growth This is an external factor that creates opportunity for Southeast Asia to grow the PEE markets. Many investors shift their focus to Southeast Asia due to economic slowdown in the two biggest markets in Asia, China and India. Besides economic slowdown, PEE firms reportedly encountered challenges in these two countries. The main challenge in both countries is difficulty exiting investment or selling the portfolio companies. Ipso in China and India are currently inhibited by the regulatory body and market environments. Beside PIP, the strategic selling also faces a problem because of the difficulty of negotiating attractive sales price with potential buyers, particularly in India in the wake of economic slowdown and currency depreciation. All the opportunities and driving factors create optimism for the investors including PEE investors. Result from a Joint survey conducted by Pain Company and the Singapore Venture Capital PEE Association (SVGA), showed clear signs of optimism about the regions prospects, which could have marked 2012 as the start of Southeast Saiss time to shine. Respondents looked for deal activity to increase substantially, especially in consumer, healthcare, and energy sectors. PEE firms that are active in the region reported that they would boost their investments in Southeast Asia, with some 40% of respondents planning to invest more than SIS$1 50 million in 2012, compared with Just 20% in 2011 (see figure 4). Figure 4 Survey Result Growing Optimism for PEE Markets in Southeast Asia One of the negative effects coming from those opportunities is the growing competition for PEE investments deals. Such competition has led to concerns about oaring valuations that make most of the acquisition prices in Southeast Asia rise since 2012. The main cause of this problem is the limited number of good portfolio companies. Most of the PEE firms focused their deals on consumer-related sectors such as food, beverages, healthcare, media and telecommunication, and energy. It is understandable since these sectors are the one that have the best growth and return opportunity due to consumer market growth (huge and young population) in Southeast Asia. Moreover, Southeast Asian countries still possess some classical robbers that can be considered as the major risks for PEE firms to invest in Southeast Asia. These risks include: Economic risk Economic conditions in most countries in South Asia, including Singapore are facing some macroeconomic risks, such as inflation, currency exchange fluctuation, and the dependency of foreign investment. All these risks can cause instability to the economic condition. According to Cornelius (201 1), between the time span of 1993 and 1999, many PEE firms failed to meet investors return expectation due to the currency exchange rate changes. Inflation is another big problem in Southeast Asia, inflation can suddenly spike because of the sharply higher commodity prices thus leading to a considerable increase in the general price level. According to Cornelius, in emerging markets, including Southeast Asia, average consumer inflation surged to 9. 2 percent in 2008 from 5. 6 percent in 2006. The inflation rates can have a big impact on real investment returns. Political risk Political instability has been identical with the Southeast Asia region for decades. Political instability causes investment uncertainty and could potentially result in a monumentally different investment regime. Governments in Southeast Asian countries still have a big role in business and economics. They control the business by imposing several regulations that can change from time to time creating uncertainty in business. Moreover, every time there is a change of government, the policy will be changed and can sometimes harm the investments that have already been made. Unanticipated changes in regulations have substantial return implications through their impact on production costs, market prices, and the repatriations of profits. Governance risk Except for Singapore, all the countries in Southeast Asia hold governance problem, especially corruption and law enforcement. Law enforcement is very important for investors in relation with the protection of investors rights in case of disputes. There is an absence of well-functioning and predictable legal institutions in most countries that can give a negative effect for business and legal assurance. Of all the risks we consider in this section, corruption perhaps the most evil one. Corruption has many dimensions, including tax bribery, procurement bribery, and Judiciary bribery. Corruption has flourished in previous years within the Southeast Asia region due to complex bureaucratic regimes. This risk can severely distort policy dimensions in all areas imposing huge macroeconomic costs. Conclusion and Recommendation 2014 will continue to be a competitive year for PEE investors in Southeast Asia. Pain ; Company stresses that with more PEE firms turning their focus to the region and cash rich corporate on the prowl for acquisitions, valuations in 2014 are expected to remain at lofty levels. Respondents polled by the research outfit pointed o a scarcity of high quality target companies as one of the most pressing challenges. Macroeconomics volatility, political instability, and corporate governance are still the major threats in Southeast Asia. But with all the opportunities going forward, Southeast Asia will become the deal making hotshots, drawing an influx of PEE firms from the United States and Europe. However to get all the benefits that Southeast Asia offered and to get the best investment returns, PEE firms should be able to overcome the risks and challenges that exist in the region. Some of the strategies and commendations are: Choose a focused Model An investing model focused on a specific industry sector or on Just one or two countries will maximize the chances of sourcing and converting the right deals. For example, targeting consumer sectors, since this sector offers a robust growth due to increases in middle-class populations and growing consumption. The biggest beneficiary country of consumption growth driven by growth in the middle class is Indonesia, the most populous country in Southeast Asia, with a population of over 240 million. Enhanced due diligence and deal-execution process Allow plenty of time for due diligence process, especially when creating market scenarios and mapping industry structures and value chains. PEE firms that excel in converting more acquisitions into winners and avoiding losers use probing due diligence process to dig deeper into a potential targets operations before they commit to an investment. Superior due diligence is very critical in Southeast Asia where information often less transparent and reliable sources of date are hard to find. A good due diligence can also reduce the negative effect from uncertainty in economic and political condition. Proprietary sourcing and smart partnership To find the best companies quickly and avoid overpaying, fund managers need to forge alliances and have people on the ground that can spot opportunities before competitors do. To be able to do that, PEE firms should reinforce local connections and consider partnerships with conglomerates or family groups seeking to institutionalize their investment capabilities. Other potential partners include local PEE funds as well as local banks, government-linked organizations, and state-owned wealth funds. They can facilitate access and help build up a steady deal flow. PEE firms should consider